31. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. 

Business of design and entertainment are essentially competing with one another to predict the consumer's taste--but also have some ability to _______________________. In fashion, there is something of a cottage industry to predict which colors will be popular in the next season. This must be done a year or so in advance because of the planning time required to turn around a clothing line. If a group of influential designers decide that brown will be the hot color next year and start manufacturing lots of brown clothes, and they get models to wear brown, and stores begin to display lots of brown in their windows, the public may well begin to comply with the trend. But they're responding more to the marketing of brown than expressing some deep underlying preference for it. The designer may look like a savant for having "anticipated" the popular color, but if he had picked white or lavender instead, the same process might have unfolded. [3점]

*savant: 석학, 학자

① help consumers create a new trend

② let consumers reveal their uniqueness

③ reflect it in manufacturing their products

④ influence it through clever marketing plans

⑤ analyze it accurately using customer reviews

33. 다음 빈칸에 들어갈 말로 가장 적절한 것을 고르시오. 

Risk portfolios explain why people often become original in one part of their lives __________________________________. T. S. Eliot's landmark work, The Waste Land, has been hailed as one of the twenties century's most significant poems. But after publishing it in 1922, Eliot kept his London bank job until 1925, rejecting the idea of embracing professional risk. As the novelist Aldous Huxley noted after paying him an office visit, Eliot was "the most bank-clerky of all bank clerks." When he finally did leave the position, Eliot still didn't strike out on his own. He spent the next forty years working for a publishing house to provide stability in his life, writing poetry on the side. As Polaroid founder Edwin Land remarked, "No person could possibly be original in one area unless he were possessed of the emotional and social stability that comes from fixed attitudes in all areas other than the one in which he is being original." [3점]

① so as to gain as much return as possible

② while remaining quite conventional in others

③ at the cost of success in other areas of life

④ despite the loss of their emotional stability

⑤ when faced with a financial hardship

35. 다음 글에서 전체 흐름과 관계 없는 문장은?

Bert Vogelstein's latest effort is what he calls a "liquid biopsy." A blood sample is taken and tested for the presence of even the tiniest amounts of tumor DNA. ① A tumor detected by Vogelstein's liquid biopsy can be detected at just 1 percent the size of what is necessary to be detected by an MRI, currently the most reliable tool for finding cancer. ② MRI scans are capable of producing a variety of chemical and physical data, in addition to detailed spatial images. ③ The amount can be so small that the cancer is discovered even before any symptoms have developed. ④ What this effectively means is that getting a blood test for cancer could become part of everybody's annual medical checkup if the price goes down far enough, as Vogelstein believes it will. ⑤ The testing done to date by researchers at two dozen medical institutions shows that Vogelstein's method found 47 percent of earliest-stage cancers.

*biopsy: 생검(생체 조직 검사)

There is a reason that prey animals form foraging groups, and that is increased vigilance. An individual redshank is faced with a choice when feeding. It could spend all of its time being vigilant, looking out for approaching ① predators. If it did so, it would certainly significantly reduce the chance that it would be taken by surprise, but it would also ② starve. A bird with its head in the air scanning for predators cannot at the same time have its head down searching for food. In reality of course an individual balances the two behaviors in accordance with the situation in which it finds itself, and as a member of a group it can shift the balance towards ③ feeding. The bigger the flock of birds, the less time an individual bird devotes to ④relaxation. This is possible because the ⑤ presence of many sets of eyes in the flock effectively means that there is always somebody on the look out. 

* vigilance: 경계

How can a design innovate successfully? By                 , always considering the interaction between the new ideas and the current work practice. Consider the history of the word processor. Originally, everyone used typewriters, and typing became the work model users understood. Early word processors stayed close to the typewriter model. They just provided better typing and better correction. Then word processors introduced cut and paste-metaphors taken from the physical operations of cutting with scissors and pasting with glue, something everyone had to do already. These features were an easy extension of the model. Then word processors introduced multiple buffers and multiple documents open at a time, making it easy to share and transfer text across documents. Then they introduced automatic word-wrapping and multiple fonts, and desktop publishing was born. Each step was an easy increment over the previous, and each step walked the user community a little further away from the typewriter model. [3점] 

* increment: 증가 

① taking one step at a time 

② introducing a few constraints 

③ discarding the old for the new 

④ testing new ideas confidentially 

⑤ weakening regulations on technologies

It is important to understand the distinction between energy and power. While units of energy measure the total quantity of work done, they don’t tell us how fast that work is being accomplished. For example, you could lift a one-ton rock up the side of a mountain using only a small electric motor and a system of pulleys, but it would take a long time. A more powerful electric motor could do the job faster, while a still more powerful rocket engine could rapidly propel a payload of identical weight to the top of the mountain in a matter of seconds. Power is therefore defined as the                           . Think of it as energy per unit of time. The standard unit of electrical power is the watt (W). The amount of electrical energy a 10 W light bulb uses depends on how long it is lit: in one hour, it will use 10 Wh of energy. In the same amount of time, a hundred thousand such bulbs would use 1000 kilowatthours (kWh), which equals 1megawatthour (MWh). [3점]

① process of gradually improving a system 

② rate at which energy is produced or used 

③ maximum strength that a machine can exert 

④ capacity to convert electricity to something else 

⑤ possession of control or command over something 

To some participants, the principal value of fair trade lies not in changing the logic of markets but in                           . Unequal terms of trade, protective tariffs, quality standards, and other barriers have long combined to deny farmers in the global South, both small and large, access to profitable consumer markets in the rich nations. At the same time, they watch as their economies are flooded by the dumping of heavily subsidized, impossibly cheap food and consumer products from abroad that undermine their efforts simply to make ends meet. In this view, then, trade justice consists of facilitating access for producers to the Northern markets from which they have traditionally been excluded. This is the stance of many producer groups in the South, some of the Alternative Trading Organizations that work directly with them, some for-profit businesses engaged in fair trade, and many certifying organizations. [3점] 

* tariff: 관세 ** the global South: 제3세계 

① limiting damage to the environment 

② righting the market’s historic injustices 

③ preserving native cultures in the South 

④ demanding corporate investment in agriculture 

⑤ increasing production capacity of disadvantaged producers 

But equally evidently a late-acting lethal will be more stable in the gene pool than an early-acting lethal. 

Any gene exerts its maximum effect on bodies at some particular stage of life, and lethals and semi-lethals are not exceptions. ( ① ) Most genes exert their influence during foetal life, others during childhood, others during young adulthood, others in middle age, and yet others in old age. ( ② ) Obviously lethal genes will tend to be removed from the gene pool. ( ③ ) A gene that is lethal in an older body may still be successful in the gene pool, provided its lethal effect does not show itself until after the body has had time to do at least some reproducing. ( ④ ) For instance, a gene that made old bodies develop cancer could be passed on to numerous offspring because the individuals would reproduce before they got cancer. ( ⑤ ) On the other hand, a gene that made young adult bodies develop cancer would not be passed on to very many offspring, and a gene that made young children develop fatal cancer would not be passed on to any offspring at all. [3점] 

* lethal: 치사 유전자 ** foetal: 태아의