Impressionist paintings are probably most popular; it is an easily understood art which does not ask the viewer ①to work hard to understand the imagery. Impressionism is ‘comfortable’ to look at, with its summer scenes and bright colours ② appealing to the eye. It is important to remember, however, that this new way of painting was challenging to its public not only in the way that it was made but also in ③that was shown. They had never seen ④ such ‘informal’ paintings before. The edge of the canvas cut off the scene in an arbitrary way, as if snapped with a camera. The subject matter included modernization of the landscape; railways and factories. Never before had these subjects been considered ⑤ appropriate for artists.

Music connects people to one another not only through a shared interest or hobby, but also through emotional connections to particular songs, communities, and artists. The significance of others in the search for the self is meaningful; as Agger, a sociology professor, states, “identities are largely social products, formed in relation to others and how we think they view us.” And Frith, a socio-musicologist, argues that popular music has such connections. For music fans, the genres, artists, and songs in which people find meaning, thus, function as potential “places” through which one’s identity can be positioned in relation to others: they act as chains that hold at least parts of one’s identity in place. The connections made through shared musical passions provide a sense of safety and security in the notion that there are groups of similar people who can provide                                      . [3점]

① the foundation for social reform

② the feedback for pop culture

③ the feeling of a community

④ the access to traditional songs

⑤ the solution for copyright issues

We like to make a show of how much our decisions are based on rational considerations, but the truth is that we are largely governed by our emotions, which continually influence our perceptions. What this means is that the people around you, constantly under the pull of their emotions, change their ideas by the day or by the hour, depending on their mood. You must never assume that what people say or do in a particular moment is a statement of their permanent desires. Yesterday they were in love with your idea; today they seem cold. This will confuse you and if you are not careful, you will waste valuable mental space trying to figure out their real feelings, their mood of the moment, and their fleeting motivations. It is best to                                        from their shifting emotions so that you are not caught up in the process. [3점]

* fleeting: 빨리 지나가는

① cultivate both distance and a degree of detachment

② find out some clues or hints to their occupation

③ learn to be more empathetic for them

④ discover honesty in their character

⑤ relieve their anxiety and worries

What comes to mind when we think about time? Let us go back to 4,000 B.C. in ancient China where some early clocks were invented. ① To demonstrate the idea of time to temple students, Chinese priests used to dangle a rope from the temple ceiling with knots representing the hours. They would light it with a flame from the bottom so that it burnt evenly, ② indicating the passage of time. Many temples burnt down in those days. The priests were obviously not too happy about that until someone invented a clock ③ was made of water buckets. It worked by punching holes in a large bucket ④ full of water, with markings representing the hours, to allow water to flow out at a constant rate. The temple students would then measure time by how fast the bucket drained. It was much better than burning ropes for sure, but more importantly, it taught the students ⑤ that once time was gone, it could never be recovered.

Veblen goods are named after Thorstein Veblen, a US economist who formulated the theory of “conspicuous consumption”. They are strange because demand for them increases as their price rises. According to Veblen, these goods must signal high status. A willingness to pay higher prices is due to a desire to advertise wealth rather than to acquire better quality. A true Veblen good, therefore, should not be noticeably higher quality than the lower-priced equivalents. If the price falls so much that                                                         , the rich will stop buying it. There is much evidence of this behavior in the markets for luxury cars, champagne, watches, and certain clothing labels. A reduction in prices might see a temporary increase in sales for the seller, but then sales will begin to fall. [3점]

* conspicuous: 과시적인

① the government starts to get involved in the industry

② manufacturers finally decide not to supply the market

③ the law of supply and demand does not work anymore

④ there is no quality competition remaining in the market

⑤ it is no longer high enough to exclude the less well off

Power distance is the term used to refer to how widely an unequal distribution of power is accepted by the members of a culture. It relates to the degree to which the less powerful members of a society accept their inequality in power and consider it the norm. In cultures with high acceptance of power distance (e.g., India, Brazil, Greece, Mexico, and the Philippines), people are not viewed as equals, and everyone has a clearly defined or allocated place in the social hierarchy. In cultures with low acceptance of power distance (e.g., Finland, Norway, New Zealand, and Israel), people believe inequality should be minimal, and a hierarchical division is viewed as one of convenience only. In these cultures, there is more fluidity within the social hierarchy, and it is relatively easy for individuals to move up the social hierarchy based on their individual efforts and achievements.

Unlike cultures with high acceptance of power distance, where members are more     (A)     to accept inequality, cultures with low acceptance of power distance allow more     (B)     within the social hierarchy.